E Mesothelioma Treatment

Cell Phone Privacy Lawsuit News- 1/25/2012: Increasingly, cell phone calls and computer communications, whether over personal computer, laptop, or handheld device with multiple functionality, are being transmitted over the Internet in a wireless form, giving users greater mobility and allowing them to work, socialize, and interact with others anyplace where there is wireless service available. Work is no longer confined to the office, playing games can take place alone or with anonymous participants in cyberspace, and daily life can incorporate multiple functions from different locations. For many, the typical nine-to-five workday is becoming a distant memory, and the types of activities formerly associated with “home,” “work,” and “leisure” are no longer clearly separated. There is some irony in thinking that using cell phones and the Internet gives us more flexibility about where we go and how we control our time, but at the same time, many people report that they feel more stress in their lives, rather than less. Could these two technologies be contributing to more stress, rather than simplifying or facilitating our lives?

Everyone has a strong opinion about cell phones. Many people complain that the cell phone is an annoyance, but then claim they couldn’t live without one. The cell phone is not just a more portable version of our traditional wired telephone. It is a small, portable technology that allows us to make phone calls and participate in a wide range of media interactions anywhere, anytime (as long as we’re in range of a cell tower). It is actually remarkable that in a period of about ten years, cell phones have become a “must-have” technology for many, despite the often-poor reception quality or unreliability of cell phones, the need to remember to charge them, and their extra cost. In the United States, where 92.9 percent of the population already has access to a telephone,¹ the growth of the less reliable and more expensive cell phone is nothing short of a phenomenon.

The Internet became a viable form of communication as early as the 1960s, but the commercial explosion of home-based Internet use started in the early 1990s. Like many technologies that seem to become second nature to a segment of the population, the Internet has developed to provide a host ofservices that may have been already available to people in other ways before they found their way to the online world. Many people, particularly the younger members of our society, spend hours each day negotiating the world of the Internet—time they are not spending with other forms of media or with other people. Google’s acquisition of the popular Internet site YouTube, on which anyone can post video clips, made headlines in October 2006 because of the $1.65 billion (in stock) purchase price. Within two months, Verizon, Fox, CBS, and NBC announced that they, too, were collaborating on offering an Internet alternative to YouTube.⁵ The television and film industries know that they’ve got to court the Internet crowd or lose valuable viewers of traditional media content.

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Personal habits also condition people to use communication technologies in particular ways. Checking cell phone messages or answering e-mail first thing in the morning is now as much of a routine for many as having a cup of coffee or brushing your teeth. Getting news or music over the Internet is convenient and can be done while sending e-mail, reading the latest celebrity gossip, or working from home, all over the Internet. Who your “friends” are can be listed in an available directory on a cell phone or on any number of personal social networking sites on the Internet. When a cell phone is programmed to block calls from anyone who hasn’t been entered into an “approved” call list, or someone removes your name from their roster of “friends,” the number of interactions on either technology are limited. There is no surprise that many people claim that the more we have access to communication technologies, the less we really communicate.

Sometimes cell phones and the Internet are the catalysts for social change, and sometimes they reflect social change: either way, these technologies are contributing to subtle changes in American values and to how different groups (based on age, gender, class, and race) use those changes to define individual and group identities. This book is about the changes that cell phones and the Internet—the dynamic duo—are bringing to American life, where the technologies always seem to be “on.” As a cultural history, this book examines how these two technologies—separately and together—are contributing to a change in American attitudes, behaviors, and cultural values.

It is probably human nature to want to believe that all technologies make our lives easier, better, or more efficient. After all, commercials for these products and services promise us better control over the chaos of our lives. When we first start using a new technology, we experience a learning curve. For those who learn quickly, expectations for what the technology can do for us can be wonderful. Those who struggle to learn how to use the technology may experience greater stress or anxiety. Some people try something, only to realize that they don’t really like or need it. But those who do master the technology tend not to notice how they begin to rely on it. The instantaneous nature of communicating with cell phones and the Internet leads us to transmit and receive information faster and with less consideration for how it might affect our lives. Our ability to connect immediately, anywhere, anytime, to someone conditions us to think of all activities in full operation twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week. That hum we feel in the air may be constant, invisible potential for immediacy—or it may well be anxiety, particularly for those who allow these technologies to infiltrate so many aspects of daily life. Or, it may accompany the unspoken reality that our daily activities, both private and public, are changing our culture in ways that we don’t yet truly understand, and for that reason, we feel uncomfortable.

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Earlier technologies give us a clue to understanding social change. The telegraph and telephone changed American culture; they united east and west coasts with a distribution form that delivered communication and messages to people and changed the way they lived, worked, and played. The wired model of communi­cation became the backbone for telephony and the Internet, and even though we increasingly use these technologies in wireless form, the institutions, practices, and social attitudes about communication remain rooted in the structures that intro­duced wired communications to American culture in the late nineteenth century and all of the twentieth.

Our use of the term or terms Cell Phone Privacy Lawsuit: is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Mesothelioma Cancer : The doctor may also request an MRI (magnetic reso­nance image). An MRI uses radio waves and strong magnets along with a computer to form detailed images of the body. The MRI can occasionally give the doctor information about whether the diaphragm or chest wall have become involved and if the tumor has invaded through it. Not all mesothelioma specialists use MRIs in their workup. A PET scan (positron emission tomography scan) is a relatively new type of scan that shows how the body takes up and uses glucose (sugar). Tumors, cancer cells, and areas that are inflamed or infected use glucose at a higher rate than normal tissues do. Since a radioactive tracer is attached to the glucose injected into your body, the areas which use glucose at a higher rate (i.e. tumors) will hold onto the radioactive tracer longer than normal cells. Areas on PET scans that “light up” as bright spots are abnormal. It is important to know, however, that abnormal areas on PET scans are not necessarily cancerous; they can also be the result of inflammation. The PET scan can also give the doctor information as to whether the cancer has spread outside the original area to other parts of the body, and it may pick up areas of spread that are completely unexpected. Mesothelioma Cancer

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There have not been enough large studies that prove the usefulness of this scan in mesothelioma, and therefore it has not been approved by most insurance companies as a standard test for mesothelioma, as it has been for lung cancer. However, there are mechanisms that can help pay for PET scans that doctors who do them (nuclear medicine physicians) can help you with. Ask them about these programs. A patient with a large, unexplained fluid accumulation in the chest or abdomen and who has a small or moder­ate amount of thickening of the pleura should have a biopsy performed, using semi-invasive techniques (tech­niques that require only local anesthesia and that do not involve cutting into the chest or abdomen). For exam­ple, the biopsy might involve an initial thoracentesis (drainage of fluid in the chest) or paracentesis (drainage of fluid in the abdomen) and a pleural biopsy. These are relatively safe procedures that can be performed by a pulmonologist (lung physician), a radiologist, or a sur­geon. A local anesthetic (a numbing medicine such as lidocaine) is given to temporarily reduce the feeling in the area before the needle is inserted. Mesothelioma Cancer

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A pleural biopsy with a special needle may help in get­ting a diagnosis of mesothelioma, and it is generally performed by a pulmonologist. Since mesothelioma is usually diffuse (widely scattered) in the chest, a ran­dom sample of the pleura may give tissue with mesothelioma cells in it. A thoracentesis can be performed after the pleural biopsy is completed. The doctor inserts a needle into the pocket of fluid in the chest or abdomen to draw off some of the fluid. Many times, the needle is simply used to insert a flexible catheter (a tube the size of thin spaghetti) which is then used to draw off the fluid. After the fluid is drawn out through this catheter, the catheter is removed.

Our use of the term or terms Mesothelioma Cancer is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Carrier IQ Lawsuit News – 1/25/2012 : In many countries, governments have discussed and proposed laws to regulate privacy protection and mechanisms to punish people and organizations that break the rules. Until privacy laws are really enforced, however, companies will find few incentives to protect and respect user privacy, mainly because most users don’t even realize that their privacy can be violated. A central problem is that behavior on the Web can’t be controlled. To regulate the Web, governments would have to regulate code writing or how Web applications (browsers, Java, e-mail systems, and so on ) function (Lessig, 1999). Also it is difficult to reach international consensus on Web privacy because the privacy concept is heavily dependent on widely variable cultural and political issues.

Later on U.S. government asked the Commerce Department to work with the Federal Trade Commission (FTC) to encourage organizations to implement self-regulatory practices. An FTC report in 2000, however concluded that U.S. self-regulatory approaches were ineffective in safeguarding consumer information, marketing techniques employed to profile customers were increasingly intrusive, and congressional legislative action was warranted to protect consumer privacy online (Electronic Privacy Information Center. The self-regulatory approach adopted by the U.S. is in direct contrast with the government-mandated approach adopted by the European Union (EU). Under the EU’s 1995, and subsequent 1997, Directive on Data Privacy, the burden is placed on companies and organizations—not individuals—to seek permission before using personal information for any purpose (Consumer International, 2003).

In July 2000, however, the United States negotiated a safe harbor agreement with the EU commission, wherein U.S. companies can voluntarily self-certify to adhere to a set of privacy principles loosely based on the fair information practices developed by the commerce department and the EU Commission. The primary difference under safe harbor is the ability of U.S. companies to administer self-enforcement by the European Commissioner or other agencies for compliance with the explicit rules of the EU directive (Consumer International, 2003). Although the United States recently passed new online privacy legislation, including the Childerns Online Privacy Protection Act (COPPA), Provisions in the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Financial Modernization Act (GLB) and the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act (HIPAA), these laws are applicable to relatively narrow types of information and particular industry sectors (Turner & Dasgupta, 2003).

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The issue of who has control over personal data and how this data is used needs to be addressed at a global level in order for the Internet to develop into a trusted, widely acceptable international marketplace for the exchange of goods and services. The primary technology for collecting information on an individual’s activities over the Internet has been the Web “Cookie.” Cookies are digital information sent from a Web server and stored on the hard drive of an individual’s computer by the browser software or network application. Cookies were designed to address the problem of statelessness inherent in the Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) (Kristol, 2002). Because a browser does not stay connected to a server, but instead makes a connec­tion, sends its request, downloads the response, and makes a new connection to send another request, it severely limited the functionality ofWeb services and complicated application development. Web cookies provide a solution to this statelessness by allowing for continuity in the interaction between the browser and the Web server. The cookie has proven to be the most reliable, robust, and network friendly means to provide needed state functionality on the Web, although this functionality can also be provided by embedding state information in URLs, using hidden fields in HTML forms, or using the client’s IP address (Kristol, 2002).

Web bugs are hidden images that can be covertly added to any Web page; e-mail, or Microsoft Word, Excel, or PowerPoint file and used to collect information about user bahaviour. Web bugs send messages back to a server indicating its location, including the IP address of the computer, the URL of the page, the time the Web page or document was viewed, the type of browser used, and the previously set cookie value. Web bugs can also be used to determine if and when a Web page, e-mail message, or document is opened, the IP address of the recipient, and how often and to whom information is forwarded and opened (Harding, 2001).

Web bugs can also be used to associate a Web browser cookie to a particular e-mail address and read previously set cookie values. Thus, a source server with a very small or invisible window could be added to any Web site or Web-enabled file and used serendipitously for a variety of tracking, surveillance, and monitoring activities (Berghel, 2001). Monitoring browsing activities in and of itself is not considered by most Web users to be privacy invasive; however it is the ability to then link these activities back to an individual that has most consumers and privacy advocates alarmed (Turner & Dasgupta, 2003).

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One of the first technologies available for protecting privacy on the Internet was the anonymizer. Anonymizers provide the ability to sanitize packet headers passed from the client to the server. Early versions consisted of software that would act like a proxy server, intercepting all communication between the browser and the server and removing all information about the requester. Current versions use Se­cure Socket Layers (SSL) technology for sending URL requests, establishing an encrypted communications tunnel between the user and the anonymizer proxy, and routing traffic through a number of proxy servers (Electronic Privacy Information Center, 1999).

This firewall- like technology disguises a user’s IP address, similar to most Internet service providers, and supplies with dynamic IP addresses every time they log on. Software tools are also available that provide a pseudonym proxy for logging on the Web sites, giving users consistent access to registration based systems without revealing personal data (Gabber, 1999). Web users can also install a filter, such as the one offered by Anonymizer. Filters are software programs that block cookies, banner advertisements and Web bugs. The disadvantage of filters is that they fail to consider consent; they block all cookies and thus users lose access to all personalized services, even those from the most trustworthy of sites. Also filters make privacy invasion difficult, but not impossible. A site can still identify users by IP address, interaction time, and geographical loca­tion, for example.

Given this users might need additional levels of privacy protection (Ishitani, 2003). These tool provide a means to protect the network identity of the computer; however, there are also negative performance and reliability consequen- ses. In addition, some specialized proxy servers can be used to intercept and alter information between client and server (Berghel, 2002). There are other technology-based solutions available for protecting privacy, includ­ing tools for filtering HTML allowing users to block certain URLs, anonymous re-mailers for sending and receiving e-mail messages, and software for managing Web cookies (Electronic Privacy Information Center, 1999).

Our use of the term or terms Carrier IQ Lawsuit: is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Mesothelioma Lawyers : The fluid and the tissue from the pleural biopsy will be sent to a pathologist and/or cytologist who will look under the microscope at the cells and determine whether mesothelioma is present. In the past, a diag­nosis of mesothelioma from fluid alone was possible only a third of the time because of the difficulty of distinguishing between reactive or noncancerous cells and tumor cells. By staining the fluid with a special substance, pathologists can now make a diagnosis more easily. Your doctor will refer to these stains as “immunos,” short for immunohistochemistry. You should make sure that any material used in the biopsy has been studied using these immuno stains. A chest x-ray is always performed after these procedures to make sure there were no complications from the biopsies, such as an accumulation of air in the chest (pneumothorax). The chest x-ray is also very important to see whether the majority of the fluid has been removed and if the lung is now able to expand with air and fill the chest cavity as it normally should. Mesothelioma Lawyers

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More-invasive testing may be needed if the initial results of the semi-invasive tests do not provide ade­quate information or if the CT scan indicates that it would be difficult to do the semi-invasive tests. The latter situation would occur if the fluid is not free flow­ing but is hidden in pockets that are difficult to reach. In such cases, it is better to inspect the chest directly to find out where to do the biopsy. A thoracoscopy (the use of a lighted scope, with or without a camera, to look into the chest) is performed in patients who are at risk for mesothelioma and who develop a large fluid accumulation, with or without associated solid tumor masses in the chest. In patients who are at risk for mesothelioma but whose thoracentesis does not reveal cancer cells, or who experience a recurrence of fluid after the initial thoracentesis is performed, a thora­coscopy should probably be performed. This procedure involves using a special lighted instrument called a thoracoscope to look inside the chest cavity. The scope is placed into the chest between two ribs after a small (1-inch) cut is made through the chest wall. If the doctor finds any tissue that looks abnormal, he or she will cut out a piece, or biopsy a piece, of it to have it looked at under the microscope. This tissue will then be examined for cancer cells. Mesothelioma Lawyers

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Lastly, if the radiologic tests indicate that there is more solid tumor than fluid, or if there is no longer a space where fluid can accumulate because of previous attempts to control the fluid, an “open” biopsy may be indicated. The incision does not have to be large if the pleura is thickened, but the procedure should be per­formed by a thoracic surgeon who understands the principles of mesothelioma treatment. This surgeon will usually suggest a 3- or 4-inch incision on the side of the chest, overlying an area of pleura that is thickened. The surgeon may or may not remove a small piece of rib at this site to allow a direct view of the thickened pleura. Many times, a good-sized piece of pleura (1 to 1 1/2 inches in diameter) can be removed at this site. Getting a quick freeze of the tis­sue in the operating room, with the pathologist look­ing at the biopsy, will ensure that there’s enough tissue to perform all the required testing and to make a diagnosis. Surgeons performing these biopsies should pick the right place for the biopsy, and the cut (inci­sion) for this biopsy should be in line with the longer incision that would be used later if the patient is a surgical candidate. That way, this shorter incision can be removed.

Our use of the term or terms Mesothelioma Lawyers is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Cell Phone Privacy Lawsuit News- 1/25/2012: At first it may sound like a stretch to claim that technology has the potential to shape the way we think about other things in life. After all, many of us have been led to believe that technology has no real power in itself and that it’s how people use technology that matters. Neil Postman wrote a book titled Technopoly: The Surrender of Culture to Technology,⁹ in which he explains how using technology leads us to think of everything in technological terms. According to Postman, human beings have a need to fit the pieces of their lives into something that gives the impression of coherence, and the technologies themselves structure our interests. That’s why we often seek technological solutions to technological ques­tions and why we often reach for more technology to solve the problems caused by present technologies. We may not be consciously aware of the many ways in which technology structures our thoughts, but at the unconscious level, the same characteristics that are inherent in the technology begin to creep into our daily practices. This affects both our behavior and attitudes, but also our as­sumptions and expectations. Throughout the twentieth century, American society embraced the belief that technology equaled progress and that if we could get technology into the hands of more people, we could all participate in the great American Dream of consuming products and enjoying better, more comfortable lives.

. Cell phones are useful tools to let someone know you’re running late for a meeting, but they often are used to cover poor planning or inconsiderate actions. These wonderful inventions have done so much to liberate us from traditional ways of working or communicating with friends or family, but we often are unaware of the “speed-up” in our lives. We tend to be working more, playing less, and finding that by being always connected by phone or computer to responsibilities and obligations, our stress levels increase, rather than decrease. The technologies make it easer to react in moments, but at the same time, we can speed through tasks and ignore thinking about their consequences or their quality. It’s hard to relax when the constant barrage of messages demands our attention. Like Pavlov’s dog, we become conditioned to respond immediately to electronic messages. Our nerves and senses become keenly attuned, we viscerally need to respond, and we therefore contribute to the constant hum of information and message flow and exchange. People who jump to grab their cell phones when one rings in a public place, even if it isn’t their own phone, know about this type of conditioning. Most people answer e-mail sequentially, and if they think they’ll go back to a previous message, the message is easily forgotten. These people understand the way the technology is controlling them, too—especially when someone screams, “Didn’t you get my e-mail?”

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Whether people use cell phones and the Internet at work, in public, or for personal reasons also contributes to how “connected” they feel to other people and to their daily obligations. The portable features of cell phones and the ease of accessing the Internet in public places or over the cell phone influences peoples’ attitudes and behaviors about where they can go and still remain productive. When people can be contacted wherever they are, the distinctions between personal time and obligations to work, family, or friends can seem endless. We might feel that we have greater control over our time, but the urge to be constantly in touch with others can be so stressful that consciously or unconsciously, we begin to think in Luddite terms.¹⁰ After all, people might find it more comfortable to work from home and more convenient to buy things over the Internet, and it may be more reassuring to know that we can reach a loved one at any time of day or night, but at the same time we become primed for responding to the cell phone’s ring or the computer’s audio cue that something just arrived, and we may feel that whatever the message, it needs immediate attention.

Many people justify the use of these technologies by claiming that the con­veniences outweigh the annoyance of listening to someone else’s phone ring, or overhearing a private conversation in a public place, or feeling oppressed by e­mails that need answering. Using cell phones and the Internet in different places creates competition for attention and focus. The portability and small size of a cell phone allows people to shift attention to the technology rather than paying attention in some environments that are structured to allow a person to focus on an activity. Evidence shows that when we use a cell phone in a car, our attention is not necessarily on our driving, and accidents can occur. Personal conversations are often interrupted while someone answers a cell phone call, to the annoyance of the other person in the conversation, who feels less important in the personal interaction. Technologically savvy teens are adept at text messaging, game playing, and downloading free content, but they often do this while in class or some other inappropriate place, much to the consternation of their teachers. The intersection of the positive and negative aspects of technology results in a change in values— how we think about what we do, and how we reach a feeling of satisfaction or contentment with our present lives, or not.

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Would we use cell phones and the Internet so readily if they didn’t fit a con­temporary lifestyle that attempts to pack more organizational productivity into every day? Do cell phones and the Internet really contribute to a feeling that we can control more aspects of our social environments? Few would disagree that the pace of American life has accelerated throughout the twentieth century, but how convincing is the argument that technology has contributed to this feeling of faster-paced lifestyles? It would be difficult to mount an argument that the faster pace of life is the result of cell phones and the Internet, but these technologies are undoubtedly components of the type of social change that Americans have experienced in recent years, particularly as instant communication has become more of a factor in social life. The rise of the wired communication system in the late 1800s (the long revolution) and the mobility afforded by cell phones and the Internet (the short revolution) are tied to what is specifically a question of lifestyle in the United States.

Our use of the term or terms Cell Phone Privacy Lawsuit: is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos Warning : One study of municipal distribution of BC in Spain detected 34,281 BC deaths registered between 1989 and 1998. They could observe that determinate zones exhibited a higher risk than others, these being provinces of Cadiz, Seville, Huelva, Barcelona, and Almeria. The municipal mortality patterns suggested that the industrial and mining activity in the Provinces of Seville and Huelva could be associated with higher BC mortality in these provinces. The mortality pattern assessed in two different areas of the Province of Barcelona, which is only observable in women, might be related to the textile industry traditionally situated in these areas (Lopez-Abente et al. 2006).The trend to decrease BC due to occupational exposure was reported in a pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies on BC conducted in European countries between 1976 and 1996. This analysis included 3346 male cases and 6840 male controls. Thirty-one occupations showed increase risk for BC and these occupations were grouped as metal workers, textile workers, painters, miners, and transport opera­tors. Higher odd ratios were observed on those people with duration of employment more than 25 years. However, the author concluded that the ratio of BCs caused by occupational exposure was lower than those identified one year ago and that the exposure to occupational carcinogens had been reduced in the European Union.

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This would likely be due to the improvement in working conditions and the reduction of exposure, particularly, to aromatic amines in work. Currently, employ­ments that relate more to BC risk are those in metal sector, machinists, transport operators, and miners (Kogevinas et al. 2003).In addition to the analysis on men, a pooled analysis of 11 case-control studies in BC conducted in Western Europe showed that the rates of BC due to occupa­tional exposure had been reduced in women, with only a 8% of BC in women attributable to occupational carcinogens (Mannetje et al. 1999). Although in devel­oped countries strict regulatory controls may have contributed to a decreased bur­den of exposure to bladder carcinogens in the workplace, the situation is less apparent in developing countries.

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As in BC, in general, occupational case is more frequent in men than in women, although, an increased risk among women has been documented in several studies, including those employed in the rubber industry and, more recently, in healthcare settings. In a case-control study conducted in Iowa, female teachers, domestic ser­vice employees, and workers in laundering and dry-cleaning business had elevated risk of BC. Other gender and racial differences had been documented in occupa­tional BC. In this way, in a recent mortality study in the United States, the mortality ratios for AA men and women and Latino males in various occupations were found to be increased compared with workers of the same gender and ethnic-racial group (Delclos and Lerner 2008).

Our use of the term or terms Actos Warning is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos and Bladder Cancer : Bladder cancer treatment can include surgery, chemotherapy, radiation therapy, and immunotherapy. Although some of these treatments are used alone, often a combination of several treatments (i.e., both chemotherapy and surgery) is used for the most success. Selection of the most appropriate treatment is based on clinical staging, including pathological and ra­diographic information, and individual preference in close consultation with your physician. When choosing a blad­der cancer treatment, it is important that you consider not only the potential for cancer cure but also the side effects and quality of life impact of various treatments.

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SURGICAL TREATMENT

Surgery plays an important role in both the staging and subsequent treatment of bladder cancer. Transurethral resection of a bladder tumor (TURBT) is the initial treat­ment step in the vast majority of patients with bladder cancer. TURBT provides valuable staging information, and pathological results from these procedures are used to make further decisions regarding what, if any, addi­tional therapy is needed. The gold standard treatment for muscle-invasive bladder cancer is radical cystectomy (removal of the bladder). Advances in surgical technique and anesthesia have reduced the complications associated with this procedure in the last two decades. The develop­ment of continent urinary diversion, which allows one to empty the bladder through the urethra, is an option for certain patients. Minimally invasive procedures such as laparoscopic or robotic-assisted radical cystectomy may also be treatment options. In addition, bladder-sparing procedures (either with partial removal of the bladder or aggressive TURBT frequently in combination with che­motherapy and/or radiation therapy) have allowed some patients to treat their cancer while leaving their blad­ders intact. Advances in surgical techniques continue to this day with the development of minimally invasive approaches to cystectomy. Both robotic-assisted and lapa­roscopic radical cystectomy have been performed safely in highly specialized centers and have the potential for decreased morbidity and a shorter period of recovery, but longer term follow-up is needed to determine if these pro­cedures are equivalent to open surgical techniques.

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TURBT is often the first procedure you will have once diagnosed with a bladder tumor. This surgery is typically performed under general or spinal anesthesia as an out­patient procedure and without any incision, endoscopically through the urethra, which means a cystoscope is placed through the urethra and into the bladder. Through this scope your urologist can see the inside of your bladder and has the ability to resect, or remove, tumors in the bladder under direct vision using electrocautery. The electrocautery is also used to control bleeding after the resection is com­pleted. TURBT is extremely important for the staging of bladder tumors but can also be therapeutic for lower stage bladder cancers. Once the tumor has been removed, it can be analyzed under the microscope by a pathologist. The pathological findings dictate further treatment decisions. If the tumor is low grade and noninvasive, you will likely not need any further therapy at this point except for close follow-up.

Our use of the term or terms Actos and Bladder Cancer is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos and Bladder Cancer

Actos Side Effects: The bladder is a balloon-shaped, muscular organ tucked into the pelvis and held in place by fibrous bands and muscle. The bladder is part of a system that includes the kidneys, ureters, and urethra. These work to process the waste products left behind after your body has taken out the nutrients it needs from the food you eat.

The bladder is lined on the inside by a tissue known as “urotheli- um,” the smooth layer that stretches as the bladder fills and prevents excreted material from being reabsorbed into the body. Underneath the urothelium is a mix of fibrous or supporting tissue and muscle, both of which help the bladder to expand (when full) and to contract and excrete urine at the appropriate time.

Not only does the urothelium line the bladder; it also is found as the lining tissue elsewhere in the urinary tract system, including in the ureters (the tubes that drain the kidneys), the urethra (the tube that drains urine from the bladder to the exterior of the body), and parts of the male prostate. Urothelial tissue, too, can sometimes develop cancer­ous changes known as urothelial malignancy. The most common type of urothelial malignancy is “transitional cell carcinoma.” (See Chapter 3.)

It’s important to note that when the urothelial tissue is exposed to cancer-causing substances, such as the breakdown products of ciga­rette smoke, the potential exists for cancerous changes to occur in multiple areas. That’s why when bladder cancer is suspected or con­firmed, the whole urinary tract is screened for the possible presence of other cancerous deposits. Other organs, such as the lungs, liver, skin, and intestinal tract, also process waste. These systems work together to balance the chemicals and water that your body needs to function properly.

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The urinary system processes urea, a specific waste product that is produced when protein-containing foods (such as a meat) are broken down in the digestive process.Urea is filtered through the kidneys and together with other waste by-products and water, becomes urine. This is carried by thin tubes called ureters to the bladder, where it is stored. Muscles in the walls of the ureters squeeze out small amounts of urine into the bladder on a constant basis, about every 10 seconds. A healthy bladder can hold about two cups of urine for up to five hours. Healthy adults produce about six cups of urine a day.

A strong muscle somewhat like a rubber band circles your bladder and keeps the urethra tightly closed until nerves in the bladder signal you that the bladder is full and it is time to urinate. Urinary problems include the inability to retain the urine in the normal fashion or to void urine from the body. Sometimes people experience the urge to urinate even if the bladder is not full. Sometimes this is caused by bacteria in the bladder, which can cause an infection called cystitis. This symptom can also be caused by local bladder irritation or by the development of cancer. As with all parts of the human body, the bladder can develop cancer, which can also cause problems with retaining or voiding urine.

The most common symptom of bladder cancer is hematuria, or blood visible in the urine, either with or without any accompanying pain. About 85 percent of the people diagnosed with bladder cancer notice blood in their urine, and it’s often what prompts them to seek med­ical attention.

In some cases, the presence of blood isn’t noticeable to the naked eye and can only be seen through a microscope, usually when a urine test is being done during a routine physical or when an infection of the urinary tract or bladder is suspected. A urine test can detect whether blood is present in the urine and can also rule out whether other things, such as food or medicines, are the cause of red or rusty-colored urine.

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Noticeable blood in the urine is a tricky symptom. It appears in varying colors and at irregular intervals, and as a result, you might overlook its significance or decide to wait and see whether it happens again before checking it out. For example, you may notice blood in your urine or drops of blood in your underwear two or three times in as many days, or you may see it on one occasion but after that your urine appears normal for days or weeks. The same thing can happen with a laboratory urinalysis, where red blood cells may be visible microscopically only intermittently.

You might experience a gush of With the major symptoms bright red blood or notice pink or rusty of bladder cancer acting in brown urine or even little clots of such a variable fashion, blood. To complicate things even appearing in different ways more, foods you eat such as beets or and sometimes disappearing blackberries may produce colored altogether, it’s important to urine, as do a number of medicines, see your doctor immediately food additives, and vitamins. If you notice blood or what

With the major symptoms of bladder you think might be blood in cancer acting in such a variable fash- your urine. ion, appearing in different ways and sometimes disappearing altogether, it’s important to see your doctor immediately if you notice blood or what you think might be blood in your urine. As with most cancers, the key to successfully managing bladder cancer is detecting it early and starting treatment as soon as possible.

Bladder cancer does not have a long list of symptoms, and many of the symptoms are typical of other, less severe conditions such as infections or benign tumors. Besides blood in the urine, your symp­toms can include pain or burning during urination, a feeling of having to urinate because of an uncomfortable fullness, or the need to get up frequently at night to urinate. You may also have symptoms such as backache, abdominal pain, and unplanned weight loss, or you may feel more tired and achy than usual.

Our use of the term or terms Actos Side Effects is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos Bladder Cancer : Despite prompt and appropriate medical treatment if you have mus­cle-invasive TCC, there is about a 50 percent chance that your cancer will metastasize (spread), either to another organ in the body or with­in the bladder area itself. The most common sites of “distant metastasis” (not in the imme­diate area of the bladder) are the para-aortic lymph nodes and the liver, lungs, and bone. Occasionally, bladder cancer can send deposits through the bloodstream to the brain, but usually this happens only after prolonged and repeated treatment. Most recurrences, both dis­tant and local, occur within the first two years after treatment.

One point worth emphasizing is that cancer cells in a distant metastasis still have the characteristics of the bladder cancer (i.e., they behave in the pattern of those bladder-cancer cells and don’t really constitute ” bone cancer”or “liver cancer”as such).Thus the drugs that may work against bladder-cancer cells also have a chance of working against these metastases located at other sites in the body.

As you might expect, the metastasis of your cancer is a dangerous situation that reduces your chance of a permanent cure. That doesn’t mean that cure is impossible or that you no longer have options. Some established chemotherapy approaches can sometimes achieve cure if the metastases are not too extensive. In addition, new and promising therapies, including novel chemotherapy drugs, are under­going clinical trials as this book goes to print, and many of those may well be available to you.

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When metastasis occurs, the direction of your treatment shifts somewhat from a totally focused attempt to achieve cure. In this situ­ation/ while we attempt to cure the metastatic cancer if possible/ we also tty to palliate (reduce) the symptoms and we place a greater emphasis on comfort and pain control This type of treatment is called palliative care. At this point, not only you but your family and loved ones should be involved with your medical team in understanding the progression of your disease and making decisions about your care.

This is a very important point and it can be confusing. On the one hand, your medical team is still trying very actively to cure the cancer, if possible, and to prolong your life and improve its quality to the maximum extent. However, as the chance of cure is somewhat small­er, you and your medical team must also give thought to the benefits and drawbacks of treatment, to quality-of-Hfe issues, and to making the decisions that make the most sense. You and they will want to weigh the chance that treatment might be successful against the possible side effects, the time spent in treatment, and the possible limitations on your quality of life.Your doctor may discover the metastasis during a routine check­up, although sometimes a patient will experience symptoms.

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might be bone pain, abdominal discomfort severe headache, or tin­gling in the legs. (The latter may occur if a metastasis is pressing on nerves in the spine.) Perhaps weight has been lost without changing exercise or diet habits. One might develop a cough or abdominal pain, or experience hematuria (blood in the urine) or other symp­toms of bladder irritation. Any of these symptoms should send you to the phone to make an appointment with your doctors to figure out whether something sin­ister is beginning to occur. As you read this you might be thinking that if the cancer is so advanced – if it has spread to the lungs or bones what’s the point of treating symptoms like tingling in your legs or vague abdominal pain?

The point is that even though the cancer has advanced and metas­tasized, you are likely to live for an extensive period of time – months or years – and it makes good sense to make sure that you are able to live that time comfortably and as fully as possible. If you allow symp­toms to go untreated, your ability to participate in everyday life with your family and friends may be greatly diminished, and the time you have left with them may be cut short. On the other hand, occasionally a specialist may decide to watch and wait. For example, when a change is seen on an x-ray but there are no symptoms. Or when a patient is unwell from other medical problems or is just keen to avoid treatment at that time. In such situ­ations, sometimes the decision will be made to observe closely and start treatment when symptoms occur.

What kind of treatment can one expect if the cancer metastasizes? Surgery to remove the bladder is occasionally a possibility if the only site of recurrence is the bladder and surrounding tissues. It usually doesn’t make sense to operate if the cancer has spread to distant sites. Sometimes radiotherapy will be used to reduce the symptoms of recurrence in the bladder if the recurrence is too extensive to permit surgery or if distant metastases have also occurred.

Our use of the term or terms Actos Bladder Cancer is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

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Actos Bladder Cancer

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After the initial shock of being given a new diagnosis of cancer, a flood of emotions follow with fear and anxiety being foremost. Questions fill your mind:

How serious is it?

Can 1 be cured?

Am I going to die?

Will I suffer?

What treatments are available?

Can 1 do anything to improve my odds?

What side effects will occur from the treatments?

Will I lose time from work?

Will my insurance cover the cost?

Will I be disfigured?

Will my spouse and family be supportive?

Do 1 have a good doctor?

Bladder cancer, or any serious potentially life threatening illness is generally alien to most individuals. Suddenly, lives are changed and a new reality must be dealt with. Becoming a “patient” or worse “a cancer patient” is not only threatening, but a dreaded proposition. Cancer patients are not happy with the loss of autonomy, the invasion of privacy, the discomfort inflicted upon them and the demands on their time and quality of life. As a patient, being thrust into this altered identity, it is essential to seek out the information you need. Having a fundamental base of knowledge is a must when facing the issues and treatment decisions which lie ahead. In the following pages, together we will explore bladder cancer, a disease which is totally foreign to most of us until the diagnosis is made. I have chosen to present the information in a question and answer format, written in a conversational tone, as if I were having an extended consultation with one of my patients. The questions are typical of what individuals have asked over the years. 1 have covered the key issues and decisions the individual with bladder cancer may face. The answers are to the point and cover the essentials required to make an informed decision for most individuals. For others, a more detailed resource may be required. For helpful sources of additional information see the Appendix.

Each individual’s situation is unique. Decisions on treatment may be modified based on the patient’s preferences and values and altered by other considerations such as age and coexisting conditions. By becoming an individual knowledgeable of bladder cancer, you will be prepared to fully partner with your physician for your best possible outcome. To your companions and family members, this book will serve to answer the many questions and doubts that may arise. Having your loved ones informed and supportive is a big plus for the individual facing this new challenge.

The book is written in a logical sequence starting with finding a qualified urologist to the basics on bladder cancer, its assessment and treatment. At the end of the book, you will find chapters on complementary medicine, advance care planning, and hospice care. The book can be read in sequence or each chapter can serve as a resource covering the basics of the topic. It is my hope this book will help clarify the many issues and options individuals must face with bladder cancer. For family members, significant others and concerned friends, this resource should help improve your understanding and thus your ability to assist your loved one.

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Understanding bladder cancer is a tremendous first step that will assist you in your treatment. Having a qualified urologist administer the actual treatments and care for you is essential for the best possible outcome. In the following chapter, we will explore what you need to know to assure you have the right urologist.

BESIDES LEARNING ABOUT MY DISEASE, WHAT IS MY MOST IMPORTANT FIRST STEP?

Make sure you have an excellent urologist supervising your care. A urologist is a surgical specialist trained to care for conditions involving the male and female urinary tracts and the male reproductive system. The bladder is part of the urinary system, and a urologist is trained to care for problems involving it, including cancer.

IS IT IMPORTANT TO HAVE A BOARD CERTIFIED UROLOGIST?

A urologist board certified by The American Board of Urology has gone through an accredited urology training program (generally a four year program), following two years of internship and residency in surgery after four years of medical school. The urologist must be in practice after training and provide a detailed list of surgeries, including complications, over a twelve month period. The doctor will then take a two day oral and written test covering a wide spectrum of urology. If he passes, he is certified for a period of ten years. At the end of the ten year period, he must recertify to maintain his board status. Recertification entails a three month surgical and procedure log and a written test as well as reference letters from those in a position to judge the practicing urologist’s work. Any malpractice or judgments are also reviewed. Although being board certified does not guarantee you have an excellent urologist, it demonstrates that he has the fund of knowledge to practice urology competently. Even though board certification is voluntary, in today’s competitive environment more and more hospitals and insurance plans are requiring their specialists to be certified.

HOW CAN I TELL IF MY UROLOGIST IS BOARD CERTIFIED?

The urologist has worked hard to obtain board certification. The certificate from The American Board of Urology is often displayed openly in his office. If you do not see it, you can simply ask him or you can call 1-866-275-2267 or use this web site: www.certified doctor.org

SHOULD I TRY TO FIND A UROLOGIST WHO HAS BEEN IN PRACTICE FOR YEARS OR A NEWLY TRAINED ONE?

Surgery is a skill which can only be mastered with experience. The saying “practice makes perfect” definitely pertains to surgery. Although a urology training program offers the new physician years of training, his surgical skills will continue to improve with further experience. However, each individual physician has his own innate skills. Some more quickly learn and are simply better at the technical craft of surgery than others. For the most part, urologists finishing an accredited urology program have the training and skill set required to care for patients with bladder cancer.

Experience also counts. As a physician practices the art of medicine, his depth of knowledge and ability to treat grows. Ask your physician how long he has been treating patients with bladder cancer. If you require major surgery ask how many he has performed and if his complication rate matches what is expected.

Physicians by and large do improve as they practice, and all physicians are required to show that they are continuing to learn by partaking in continuing medical education, a requirement to remain licensed. Most physicians are compulsive in their medical practice and care deeply in the care they deliver. They continually strive to improve.

Some physicians may become “burned out” over the years as they continue to face the pressures of a busy medical practice. Similarly, towards the end of a surgeon’s career, technical skills may slip due to aging. New urologists are trained in the latest techniques and are familiar with recent medical literature, but may lack practical experience. In the end, recommendations from others and reputation may be your best guide to finding a qualified physician.

WHAT QUALITIES SHOULD MY UROLOGIST HAVE?

Ideally, you should have a competent, technically skilled surgeon who is also approachable and compassionate. You should be able to freely ask questions pertaining to your disease and treatment. Your physician should answer your questions forthrightly. Although some patients prefer a surgeon who will take over all aspects of care with no questions asked, most prefer in depth explanations, especially when alternatives exist and risks are involved.

Your urologist must be an individual who takes your concerns, priorities and values seriously. Your urologist should be a good communicator. It is his responsibility to keep you fully informed of your progress, make you aware immediately if things are not going well, and educate you fully in treatment alternatives. Your specific values should be incorporated into the decision process if alternatives are available. Even if your urologist makes a recommendation and you choose an alternative course (unless you are putting yourself in extreme jeopardy), he should honor your choice and continue his care of you. Becoming an educated patient will make your decision making process easier. Granted, your physician should provide you with the basics, however having time to review and digest the material will allow you to fully understand and accept your treatment regimen, providing you with peace of mind.

Beware of the physician who bombards you with statistics and studies and leaves the decision making to you. After all, you are not a physician and don’t have the practical hands on experience he does. Your physician should provide the facts and the statistics, guide you through the information, and make treatment recommendations based on your preferences.

You may find yourself emotionally distraught and overwhelmed. Having a physician on your side is invaluable. You should be able to trust your physician. Complete honesty on the part of your doctor in his care of you is a must. From the doctor’s point of view, trust is also a necessity. Physicians have an extremely difficult time dealing with individuals who do not trust them. Without trust, the physician patient relationship is extremely hindered.

Lastly, your urologist should be compassionate. Having cancer is tough enough, you shouldn’t have to deal with a rude or arrogant physician. Your urologist should be supportive at all times. He should treat you as an individual and not just as “another cancer patient.” People with bladder cancer will require long term follow up and care. Having a compassionate individual to work with will make a tremendous difference

HOW DO I FIND A GOOD BOARD CERTIFIED UROLOGIST?

A good starting point is your primary care physician. He will generally have a number of specialists to whom he generally refers his urology patients. If the primary care physician has been working with these urologists, he should have an appreciation of their skills and temperament. However, this does not mean he is referring you necessarily to the best available urologist in your area. His choices may be limited by insurance or hospital networks. An excellent source of information would be nurses who work in the operating room, recovery room or on the surgical floor where the urologist does his surgery. Asking friends or other individuals who have had experience with the urologist can also prove useful. After a little digging, you can often quickly learn what type of reputation the urologist has in the community. Generally, if an established urologist has a “good reputation” this is an indication that he has pleased many individuals with his care.

SHOULD I CHECK TO SEE HOW MANY TIMES MY UROLOGIST HAS BEEN SUED?

Given the litigious society we live in, most physicians can face at least one malpractice lawsuit during their careers. In urology, two of the most common causes of litigation would be a surgical mishap leading to a complication, or failure to diagnose cancer in a timely fashion.

Medicine is based on science, but also is an “art.” Individuals do not walk into their physicians offices with a diagnosis and treatment plan always readily apparent. Even the best intentioned, thorough physician will make mistakes. Most of these errors do not result in harm. On occasion they do, and a law suit may follow. If a physician develops a good working relationship with a patient, these bad outcomes more often than not are acknowledged and accepted without legal entanglement. Competent, busy physicians may be dealing with a higher mix of complicated patients, leading to a higher number of potential suits. Physicians who have poor “bed side manner” may find themselves dealing with more suits. If a physician has an inordinate number of suits, “red flags” should go up, as competency may be an issue.

For those individuals who wish to check out the malpractice history of their physician, you may request an inquiry from the National Practitioners Data Bank at: 1-800-767-6732 or check the web site: www.npdb-hipdb.com

Our use of the term or terms Actos Side Effects is for descriptive purposes only. There is no relationship between the owners of this website and the maker of the product discussed in this post. Our use of the words Recall, Class Action Lawsuit and other similar words related to an event do not necessarily mean that this event has occurred. Refer to the website of the United States Food and Drug Administration for information on drug or medical device recalls. If a Class Action Lawsuit is formed in relation to the product discussed in this post we will provide that information at the time the Class Action is formed. A Class Action Lawsuit is not required to exist for you to file a lawsuit if you have been injured by the product discussed in this post.

To keep up to date on Actos Side Effects visit our site often.

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